The construction industry, the leading cause of global greenhouse gas emissions, is responsible for at least 37 percent of global emissions. In Iran, greenhouse emissions in the construction sector between 1990 and 2020 have increased from 0.73 to 1.44 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per person per year. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the direct and indirect carbon footprints for one square meter of the residential building built-area. The system boundary is “gate to gate,” and its functional unit is “one square meter of the residential building built-area.” Data selection was carried out using the checklist and literature review methods. The carbon footprint assessment was conducted using the IPCC 2013 model and the ReCiPe method. Concrete is the most substantial contributor to carbon footprint among all building materials. The results show that the total, direct, and indirect carbon footprint for one square meter of the residential building built-area is 445, 436, and 9 kgCO2e/m2, respectively. The building’s “excavation, foundation, and framing” phase mainly contribute to the indirect carbon footprint among building construction phases. The carbon footprint for each square meter of the residential building construction is related to different factors, such as total building area, type of buildings, material transportation distance, and type of building materials used.

Increasing global warming is the result of the gradual accumulation of greenhouse gases in the living environment. Energy production systems in general and electricity production in particular is one of the effective factors in the production of greenhouse gases. Therefore, on the one hand, environmental considerations and on the other hand, the limitation of fossil resources have made it necessary to change the energy production system and replace fossil fuels. In this regard, the use of renewable energy resources such as hydropower can be a good alternative to fossil fuels. This article has studied the effect of hydropower consumption on Iran's environment. Hence article has estimated the short-run and long-run relationship between hydropower consumption and different measures of environmental degradation including ecological footprint, carbon footprint, and CO2 emission in the Iranian economy during 1980-2018. For this purpose, the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach has been used. The estimation of the specified models indicates the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables included in these models and shows that in the short and long run, there is a significant negative relationship between hydropower consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon footprints. In other words, the use of hydropower in the short and long run reduces the carbon footprint and emissions of carbon dioxide. Hydropower also affects the ecological footprint in the short run.

Purpose: To estimate the carbon footprint of a single intravitreal injection in a hospitalbased intravitreal service. Methods: Greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the delivery of an intravitreal injection were calculated using a hybrid lifecycle analysis technique. Data were collected regarding procurement of materials, patient travel, and building energy use. Results: Carbon emissions associated with a single intravitreal injection, excluding the anti-VEGF agent, were 13. 68 kg CO2eq. This equates to 82, 100 kg CO2eq annually for our service. Patient travel accounted for the majority of emissions at 77%, with procurement accounting 19% for and building energy usage for 4% of total emissions. The omission of items considered dispensable from injection packs would reduce carbon emissions by an estimated 0. 56 kg per injection – an annual saving of 3, 360 kg CO2eq for our service. Similar savings, if extrapolated to a country the size of the United Kingdom, could yield annual carbon savings of 450, 000 kg CO2eq. For context, a single one-way economy transatlantic flight produces 480 kg CO2eq per person. Conclusion: Wasteful practice in healthcare increases greenhouse gas production and drives climate change. The healthcare sector should be a leader in sustainable practice promotion and changes to high volume procedures have the largest impact on emissions. Long-acting agents offer the greatest future potential for meaningful reductions.

By 2050, the earth’ s population is expected to be more than 9 billion. The need for secure food and water supply will force agriculture to increase production. The major greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the live-stock sector are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) throughout the production process. These gases are the key contributor to an increasing earth’ s surface temperature. Global warming occurs as a result of gases emitted by humans into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect. The live-stock sector contributes between 25 and 40% of anthropogenic methane emissions. Human-derived animal production contributes to global warming by producing 9% of CO2 emissions, 35-40% of CH4, and 65% of N2O gas emissions. Carbon footprint is a measure of the damage that human activities cause to the envi-ronment in terms of the amount of GHGs produced as a unit of CO2. The most common method used in carbon footprint calculations is the Tier 1-2-3 approach developed by the intergovernmental panel on cli-mate change (IPCC). In this study, the carbon footprint of a dairy sheep farm in Niğ de province was calcu-lated using Tier 1 method to determine global warming potential. The carbon footprint of this farm from both sources like N20 and CH4 was 85535. 2 CO2eq year-1. The estimation of GHGs is very obligatory to evaluate global warming stress and avoidance from some fatal diseases.

This study presents a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of polypropylene production within an Iranian petrochemical facility, employing a broad scope that encompasses all relevant processes across the entire factory, rather than focusing solely on the polypropylene production unit. Utilizing a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach aligned with ISO standards, the research quantifies greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from each production stage, including raw material processing, energy generation, and waste management, to provide a holistic view of environmental impacts. Key findings reveal that energy-intensive units, particularly power generation and steam production, are the primary contributors, accounting for over 90% of total emissions. The study's broadened scope offers a more accurate depiction of the facility's environmental burden and highlights significant areas for emission reductions. By identifying these critical areas, the research not only advances our understanding of polypropylene's environmental profile but also suggests targeted interventions such as the adoption of renewable energy sources and efficiency improvements. This analysis not only sets a benchmark for future environmental assessments within the industry but also serves as a crucial tool for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to implement more sustainable manufacturing practices. The findings underscore the importance of expanding the system boundaries in carbon footprint assessments to include all associated processes for a more accurate and actionable environmental impact evaluation.

This study addresses the substantial contribution of mobile sources in commuting to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in megacities and underscores strategies for carbon footprint emission reduction. Field interviews and questionnaires facilitate data collection, enabling the classification of the studied vehicle fleet based on various parameters. The scenarios aim to minimize GHGs from the commute, utilizing the International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model to establish a primary carbon footprint emission inventory for commuting in Karaj. The base scenario reveals that commuting in Karaj produces 1579423 grams of CO2e, with CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions at 1389039 grams, 43.74 grams, and 6385.38 grams, respectively. Three carbon footprint reduction scenarios, involving removing diesel vehicles, adopting natural gas-fueled vehicles, and replacing Euro 4 and 5 with older vehicles, demonstrate that the removal of diesel vehicles (S1) and adopting natural gas-fueled vehicles, and replacing Euro 4 and 5 with older vehicles (S3) are the most effective strategies, achieving a 99% efficiency rate in reducing CO2e. This study highlights the substantial impact of curbing carbon emissions from GHGs. S1 and S3 show significant reductions in carbon footprint emissions, emphasizing the crucial role of strategic planning and greenhouse gas minimization in controlling emissions from commuting. These findings underscore the critical importance of reducing carbon footprints and commuting to effectively mitigate GHGs in congested urban areas.

Human environmental impacts on the earth can be examined in various fields. One of the areas of great importance is carbon dioxide emissions by human. One of the thousands of human activities that lead to carbon dioxide emissions into the environment is the supply of water. This paper examines the amount of carbon dioxide released by the drinking water supply system in Sepidan. This project took place within a year's time. The results of the surveyes show that in Sepidan, from one well with an energy consumption of 81318 kwh, one spring with an energy consumption of 102234 kwh, and the building of water and sewage organization with an energy consumption of 5491 kwh, amounting to 1067, 48, 769 and 3293 kilograms of carbon dioxide release per year. Also, the results showed that 38 grams of carbon dioxide is produced for the supply of one liter of drinking water in the Sepidan. The results of study showed that the supply of water from the spring at a higher altitude point than areas of the city due to the specific topography of the Sepidan, Which is in the form of sloping, requires much less energy, and releases less contamination or carbon Dioxide.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Climate change mitigation and food security are critical global priorities, with greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, significantly contributing to climate change. Indonesia, with an annual per capita greenhouse gas emission of 7.5 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, faces a substantial challenge in reducing its emissions. This study aims to investigate the individual carbon footprint of employees at a research institution in Indonesia, providing insights into individual contributions to GHG emissions and identifying key areas for targeted mitigation strategies.METHODS: Data were collected through an online survey from 77 government employees at the National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia, focusing on activities with high emission potential: transportation, food consumption, electricity use, waste creation, and other daily activities. The individual carbon footprint was calculated by converting activity data to carbon dioxide emissions using appropriate emission factors. The analysis included a breakdown of emissions by scope (direct and indirect) and demographic factors such as gender and income level.FINDINGS: The study found that the average individual carbon footprint of the employees was 7.42 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year, significantly higher than the national average of 2.03 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year. Scope 1 emissions contributed 13 percent, primarily from employee bus usage, while Scope 2 emissions (indirect emissions from electricity use) accounted for 18 percent. The largest share of emissions, 69 percent, came from Scope 3 activities, with food consumption and transportation being major contributors. Men exhibited a higher personal carbon footprint than women, driven by greater travel and food consumption, while women had higher emissions from entertainment activities. Higher-income levels correlated with increased personal carbon footprint, highlighting the impact of socioeconomic status on carbon emissions.CONCLUSION:  The elevated individual carbon footprint among research institution employees underscores the need for targeted strategies to reduce emissions in high-income and high-consumption groups. Behavioral interventions, institutional policies promoting sustainable practices, and comparative studies across different sectors are recommended for future research. By addressing specific emission sources and influencing factors, it is possible to develop effective strategies to reduce individual carbon footprints and support global climate change mitigation efforts.